Thirteen states issued air-quality alerts as of Wednesday morning as dangerous fumes from more than spread over large swaths of the American Northeast. As a whole, . There have been 2,214 wildfires in the country so far in 2023 that burned more than 8 million acres.
cited data from the , and the to visualize how the spread of wildfires has worsened in recent years.
Wildfires are innate to forest ecosystems, clearing out dead debris and paving the way for new growth, but climate change has elongated dry seasons, increased temperatures, and widened the potential for large-scale wildfires. Beyond weather-related factors, the prevalence of insects like damage trees and make them more prone to burning. Invasive vegetation such as also easily burns and contributes to spread.
Trees, traditionally a storage vessel for carbon, release carbon immediately when burning and during decomposition. The EU's Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service estimated that global wildfires in 2022 released . Black carbon, or soot, can also travel beyond wildfire zones, absorbing sunlight and warming the earth further.
Beyond the environmental threats, the widening reach of wildfires threatens the displacement of countless residents. Despite this, , putting a growing population at risk of longer fire seasons and associated health risks.
Emilia Ruzicka / Stacker
The number of wildfires is decreasing, but more acres are burning
Throughout the mid-20th century, forest management largely focused on preventing forest fires of all scales. was a national mascot for fire prevention, overseeing a multi-decade decrease in the number and average size of fires. But without regular fires, debris built up. This, combined with other environmental factors, eventually fuelled costlier, large-scale blazes that have come to define the current wildfire season.
Despite having nearly 10,000 fewer fires per year on average from 2011-2021 compared to 1983-2010, the average acreage burned by those fires per year has more than doubled. From 1983-2010, the average number of acres burned per year was about 4.4 million. That number has jumped to 7.5 million acres per year for the 2011-2021 time period.
Emma Rubin / Stacker
Wildfire seasons are getting longer
The total acres burned by wildfires in December 2020 was three times greater than the 10-year average for the month. The following year also experienced a damaging December, with a less extensive but still above-average spread covering 336,984 acres. traditionally lasts May through October, but shorter winters and earlier snow melts have extended wildfire risk. for days at preparedness level 5, the highest alert for wildfire risk.
The warned in 2021, "For years, agencies relied on seasonal firefighters for summer months, but now that wildfires are burning into the winter, they need to reevaluate their hiring plans."
Emilia Ruzicka / Stacker
Wildfire suppression costs have risen by billions of dollars
With the increasing severity of wildfires every year, it follows that more resources are required to tame the blazes. In 1999, just before the turn of the century, the Forest Service and all other Department of the Interior agencies spent a combined $515.5 million on wildfire suppression. During the course of the last decade, the average cost of wildfire suppression has skyrocketed to nearly . The Forest Service carries the brunt of this cost, contributing approximately three-quarters of the funds each year.
Though there is not currently an official tracking mechanism for the cost of wildfire damages, academics across the country have attempted to estimate the economic impact of wildfires. In 2020, a team of researchers estimated that the 2018 California wildfires caused .
Emma Rubin / Stacker
Lightning fires are causing more damage in the West
At the national level, 89% of wildfires were in 2021, but human-caused wildfires contributed only to 42% of total acreage burned. In the Southern and Eastern U.S., human-caused fires still cause the most damage, but elongated dry seasons in the West have intensified the impact of lightning when it does strike.
Dry lightning is created through high-altitude thunderstorms. Extreme heat and drought can cause rain to evaporate before it reaches the ground. Lightning fires can also pose greater damage because it can for them to be detected, whereas human-caused fires are often closer to towns and high-traffic areas. Winds associated with dry thunderstorms can further fan the flames as well. These factors mean that even as the West is than other parts of the country, the bolts can spark more damage.
Emma Rubin / Stacker
California's wildfires continue to set records
While lightning has sparked some of the most devastating fires in California, have also fuelled far-reaching damage. Contact with overgrown trees, downed lines, and frayed wires can spark flames. was held responsible for the 2018 Camp Fire and 2019 Kincade Fire and has instituted rolling blackouts on high-risk wildfire days.
Even as the origin of fires varies, each is exacerbated by existing environmental factors. A from the USDA Forest Service identified nearly 150 million trees that died between 2010-2018 in California. Two years later, 2020's record season burned nearly 4.4 million acres, and the megafires happened concurrently in August and September. The season demonstrated how the buildup of vulnerable trees can ignite unprecedented spread.
A by the USDA Forest Service offered some hope. Annual tree mortality declined over a five-year period, with an estimated 9.5 million dead trees in the state spanning more than 1 million acres, although tree mortality remains at a much higher rate than California's pre-drought levels in the early-2000s.
